How to Start Hierarchical Routing Projects Using NS2

To create a Hierarchical Routing project in NS2 has includes the executing a routing protocol which classifies the network into hierarchies, typically by the goal for enhancing the scalability and efficiency. One of the most general hierarchical routing protocols is Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), which associate the aspects of proactive and reactive routing.

Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you start a hierarchical routing project in NS2:

Steps to Start Hierarchical Routing Projects Using NS2

  1. Install NS2

Previous scheduled, enable which NS2 is installed on your machine. If you don’t have it installed in your system, we can follow the procedures below.

  • For Linux (Ubuntu/Debian-based):

sudo apt update

sudo apt install ns2

sudo apt install nam

  • For Windows: Used a virtual machine or tools such as Cygwin, as NS2 doesn’t natively helps for the Windows.

Once installed, validate the installation through process:

ns

This should open the NS2 command line.

  1. Understand Hierarchical Routing Concepts

Hierarchical routing is model to maintain the large-scale networks efficiently through splitting the network into minimum area or zones. Some important ideas are:

  • Zones: Splitting the network into clusters or zones through every zone has a local routing protocol.
  • Cluster-heads: Each area have a “cluster head,” that helps as a point of communication among zones.
  • Hybrid Routing: An associate for the proactive routing for intra-zone communication and reactive routing for inter-zone communication.

For Sample, ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) is a hybrid protocol in which:

  • Intra-zone routing is proactive.
  • Inter-zone routing is reactive such as on-demand.
  1. Setup the NS2 Simulation Environment

NS2 replication are written using TCL scripts, that describe the network topology, nodes, and routing protocol set up.

Initialize through the state for the basic network architecture and nodes.

Basic Network Setup Example:

Here’s a sample of building a simple network topology through 4 nodes:

# Create a simulator object

set ns [new Simulator]

# Create nodes

set n0 [$ns node]

set n1 [$ns node]

set n2 [$ns node]

set n3 [$ns node]

# Create links between nodes

$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 10Mb 20ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 10Mb 20ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 10Mb 20ms DropTail

# Define a basic traffic model (e.g., TCP traffic)

set tcp [new Agent/TCP]

$tcp attach-agent $n0

set sink [new Agent/TCPSink]

$sink attach-agent $n3

$ns connect $tcp $sink

# Setup routing protocol (This will depend on your hierarchical routing implementation)

# Set the protocol to a routing protocol like ZRP, or create a custom one

# Run the simulation

$ns run

  1. Define Hierarchical Routing Protocol

NS2 does not have the natively offers a pre-built hierarchical routing protocol, so we require to execute it or adjust an existing protocol such as ZRP.

To build a Hierarchical Routing Protocol such as ZRP, we can spread the previous routing protocol classes in NS2.

Key Concepts for Hierarchical Routing Protocols:

  • Zone Definition: Every node has a zone radius for sample determining how far it proactively maintains routes.
  • Cluster-head Election: Nodes in every zone elect a cluster head which maintain the inter-zone routing.
  • Intra-zone vs Inter-zone: Used a proactive protocol such as DSR, OSPF in zones and a reactive protocol like as AODV, DSR for communication among zones.

Example of extending routing protocol for hierarchical routing:

We can subclass RoutingProtocol or MobileNode in NS2 we execute the hierarchical routing. Here’s a conceptual outline of steps:

  1. Define Zones: Every node should be allowed to a zone, and the size of the zone should through setting.
  2. Implement Zone Routing: Inside the every zone, used a proactive routing protocol such as DSR we handle the routes in the zone.
  3. Inter-zone Routing: After the packets essential to the cross zones, used as a reactive routing protocol for sample AODV or DSR.
  4. Cluster-Head Election: Intended for inter-zone communication, the cluster head designed for every zone could either be choose the dynamically or fixed.

Custom Routing Protocol (e.g., ZRP) Outline:

If estimate the ZRP, the protocol operates as follows:

  • Proactive Routing: In the zone radius, used a proactive routing protocol we handle the routes.
  • Reactive Routing: Outside the zone, used their reactive protocol to request routes after essential.

Here’s how you might implement such a system in NS2:

# Create a custom ZRP routing protocol

class ZRP extends RoutingProtocol {

# Define methods for maintaining routes within the zone

proc proactiveRoute {source destination} {

# Logic for intra-zone routing (proactive)

}

# Define methods for reactive routing (used when crossing zones)

proc reactiveRoute {source destination} {

# Logic for inter-zone routing (reactive)

}

# Define a method for handling packet forwarding

proc forwardPacket {packet} {

# Use either proactive or reactive routing based on the zone

}

}

  1. Create Zone Structure and Cluster Head Management

Intended for hierarchical routing, nodes require to be grouped into zones, and every zone must elect a cluster head. The cluster head has maintained the routing for other zones and handle the routes to other cluster heads.

This can be complete by:

  1. Node Zone Assignment: Allocate every node to a zone. This can be complete using the geographic location or any other criteria.
  2. Cluster-Head Election: Nodes in a zone elect a leader such as cluster head according to the precise criteria, such as node IDs, energy, or connectivity.
  3. Inter-zone Communication: Nodes outside a zone rely for the cluster head to route packets to other zones.
  1. Traffic Generation and Simulation

Once the routing protocol is executed, create traffic in the network and process for the replication.

# Create traffic between nodes

set tcp [new Agent/TCP]

set sink [new Agent/TCPSink]

# Attach agents to nodes

$tcp attach-agent $n0

$sink attach-agent $n3

# Create a data flow between nodes

$ns connect $tcp $sink

$ns at 0.1 “$tcp send”

# Run the simulation

$ns run

  1. Debugging and Testing the Simulation

After your routing protocol is executed and traffic is setting, we require to examine the outcomes.

  • Used the trace files we record the packet transmissions.
  • Used the validate for the process of NAM (Network Animator) we envision for the packet flow and node movements.

$ns trace-all “output.tr”

We can display the replication for following command:

nam output.nam

  1. Analyzing Results

You can analyze the network performance using various metrics:

  • Throughput: Calculate the amount of data successfully transmitted.
  • End-to-end delay: Amount the time taken for a packet we travel from source to destination.
  • Routing overhead: Estimate the control message for overhead caused through the hierarchical routing protocol.
  1. Enhancements and Extensions
  • Zone size adjustment: Create the zone size for dynamic according to the network environments.
  • Cluster-head mobility: Apply a dynamic mechanism for cluster-head election terms on node mobility.
  • Fault tolerance: Execute the mechanisms for maintaining the cluster-head failure and re-election.

From the script, we entirely explored how to generate the scenario to compile and run the Hierarchical routing for efficiency the scalability using the ns2 framework. Any uncertainties about the project will be addressed in a follow-up manual.

One notable hierarchical routing protocol is the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), which we have thoroughly explained for you. If you need professional assistance with your Hierarchical Routing project, feel free to reach out to phdprojects.org. We offer exceptional implementation guidance tailored to your project’s specific requirements. Additionally, we provide high-quality research support along with customized topic suggestions.