How to Start On Classless Protocol Projects Using NS2

To stimulate a classless protocol projects in NS2 have been include perform by routing protocol which help CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing), such as OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), RIP v2, and others. This protocol for forward the subnet mask in their routing bring up-to-date for ensure the effective of IP address space and helps for discontiguous subnets, and route aggregation.

Here’s a step-by-step guide to starting a classless protocol project in NS2:

Steps to Start on Classless Protocol Projects Using NS2

  1. Understand Classless Protocols

Classless protocols enhance the limitations for classful routing through:

  • Supporting CIDR: Subnet masks are openly forward through routing bring up-to-date.
  • Enabling VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking): Various subnets can be differed the sizes.
  • Facilitating Route Aggregation: It decreases the routing table size through short routes.

Common Classless Protocols:

  1. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First):
    • Link-state protocol appropriate for large and hierarchical networks.
  2. RIP v2:
    • Distance-vector protocol through CIDR and authentication support.
  3. EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol):
    • Hybrid protocol helps for classless routing.
  1. Define Your Project Goals

Decide the focus of your project:

  1. Protocol Simulation:
    • It replicate and study for the classless routing using NS2.
  2. Performance Comparison:
    • Associate classless protocols such as OSPF and RIP v2 by classful protocols such as RIP v1.
  3. Protocol Optimization:
    • Improve the protocols for improved scalability or efficiency.
  4. Security Enhancements:
    • Execute the secure routing mechanisms, like as authentication or encode.
  5. Application Scenarios:
    • Validate the classless protocols in real-world scenarios such as IoT, VANETs, or enterprise networks.
  1. Set up NS2
  1. Install NS2:
    • Use tool for NS2.35 on Linux in the great compatibility.
  2. Verify Installation:
    • It process for the basic replication of script of assure the NS2 is functioning.
  3. Optional:
    • Install the further modules or patches for help the advanced protocols such as OSPF.
  1. Implement Classless Protocol Logic

If a detailed classless protocol is not natively helps for NS2, we can encompass its functionality through adapting source files or replicate the classless behavior using TCL scripting.

For Example: Adding RIP v2 Support

  1. Modify Routing Updates:
    • It contains the subnet masks in routing advertisements.
    • Bring up-to-date rtproto.h and rtproto.cc to handle CIDR.
  2. Create Custom Packet Structures:
    • Improve the fields for subnet mask in packet.h:

struct hdr_ripv2 {

int dest;

int metric;

int subnet_mask; // Add subnet mask field

static int offset_;

};

  1. Recompile NS2:

make clean

make

  1. Create a Simulation Script

Write a TCL script for replicate the network using a classless protocol.

Example: RIP v2 Simulation with CIDR

  1. Set Up the Network Topology:

set ns [new Simulator]

# Define trace and animation files

set tracefile [open classless_routing.tr w]

$ns trace-all $tracefile

set namfile [open classless_routing.nam w]

$ns namtrace-all $namfile

# Create nodes

set n0 [$ns node]

set n1 [$ns node]

set n2 [$ns node]

# Create links

$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 2Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail

  1. Configure RIP v2 as the Routing Protocol:

set val(rp) RIPv2 ;# Classless routing protocol

  1. Assign IP Addresses and Subnet Masks:

$n0 set addr_ “192.168.1.1/24”

$n1 set addr_ “192.168.2.1/28”

$n2 set addr_ “192.168.3.1/30”

  1. Add Traffic Sources:

set udp [new Agent/UDP]

$ns attach-agent $n0 $udp

set null [new Agent/Null]

$ns attach-agent $n2 $null

$ns connect $udp $null

set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr set packetSize_ 512

$cbr set interval_ 0.1

$cbr attach-agent $udp

  1. Run the Simulation:

$ns at 50.0 “finish”

proc finish {} {

global ns tracefile namfile

$ns flush-trace

close $tracefile

close $namfile

exec nam classless_routing.nam &

exit 0

}

$ns run

  1. Analyze Simulation Results

Examine the trace file for example classless_routing.tr for estimate the protocol behavior.

Metrics to Evaluate:

  1. Routing Table Size:
    • Total number of routes are advertised and received.
  2. Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR):
    • Intended for forwarding the total packets was successfully delivered for ratio of packets.
  3. Delay:
    • Estimate the average end-to-end delay.
  4. Overhead:
    • Examine the routing for during modify the number of control packets.

Example Analysis Commands:

  • Packet Delivery Ratio:

awk ‘{if ($1 == “r” && $4 == “AGT”) recd++; if ($1 == “s” && $4 == “AGT”) sent++} END {print “PDR:”, recd/sent*100 “%”}’ classless_routing.tr

  • Routing Overhead:

awk ‘{if ($7 == “RIPv2”) count++} END {print “Routing Overhead:”, count}’ classless_routing.tr

  1. Visualize Results
  1. Use NAM (Network Animator):
    • Envision for routing behavior and packet flow:

nam classless_routing.nam

  1. Plot Metrics:
    • Use tool Python, MATLAB, or Excel to plot metrics such as PDR, delay, and overhead.
  1. Extend the Project
  1. Route Aggregation:
    • Replicate and examine the impact of route aggregation on routing table size.
  2. Comparison with Classful Protocols:
    • Associate the classless protocols for sample RIP v2 through classful protocols for instance RIP v1 in based on the scalability and efficiency.
  3. Energy-Aware Routing:
    • Alter the protocols choose the route for node energy account.
  4. Secure Classless Routing:
    • Enhance the verification or encode for routing bring up-to-date.
  1. Compare Classless Protocols
  1. It replicates the several protocols such as RIP v2, OSPF, and EIGRP.
  2. Compare:
    • Scalability: Capability for maintain the large networks.
    • Overhead: Overhead the packet control.
    • Convergence Time: It takes the duration for routing tables to stabilize.
  1. Document Your Project

Include:

  1. The document starts with the objectives and problem statement.
  2. Next process for the network topology and protocol configurations.
  3. After gives the simulation results and performance metrics.
  4. Finally it offers the Insights and references for developments.

Example Project Ideas

  1. Performance Analysis of Classless Protocols:
    • Associate the RIP v2 and OSPF below various network environments.
  2. Energy-Efficient Classless Protocols:
    • Enhance the RIP v2 or OSPF for energy efficiency.
  3. Classless Routing in IoT:
    • Validate the classless protocols for IoT networks by constrained devices.
  4. Secure Classless Routing:
    • Execute the cryptographic procedures for secure the routing bring up-to-date.
  5. Scalability Testing of Classless Protocols:
    • Examine the performance for RIP v2 and OSPF in large-scale networks.

We demonstrate how the Classless Protocol will simulate the network scenario and how to execute and analyse the outcomes using the ns2. Any queries related to this project will be clarified in a different manual.