How to Start PEGASIS Protocol Projects Using NS2

To start Power-Efficient GAthering in Sensor Information System (PEGASIS) using NS2, which is a chain-based routing protocol created for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This protocol main aim is to prolong the lifespan of network by means of reducing power utilization. Diverse custom clustering protocols such as LEACH, PEGASIS are builds nodes chains including each node only interacting with their instant neighbor.

While NS2 doesn’t directly have PEGASIS, to execute it that prolonging the NS2 including custom logic. Following is a stepwise method to get started PEGASIS protocol projects using NS2.

Steps to Start a PEGASIS Protocol Project in NS2

  1. Understand PEGASIS Protocol

Key Features of PEGASIS:

  • Chain-Based Communication: Nodes are classified to a chain in which every single node only interacts with their immediate neighbor.
  • Leader Node Selection: In the chain, one node performs like leader and it interacts with the base station (BS).
  • Energy Efficiency: It minimizes power utilization by reducing long-distance communication.

Steps in PEGASIS:

  1. Chain formation to utilise a greedy mechanism.
  2. Data fusion and sending beside the chain.
  3. Leader node sends the aggregated information to the base station.
  1. Define Your Project Objectives

Focus on the project goals that contain:

  1. Basic Implementation:
    • Execute the PEGASIS chain formation and interaction methods.
  2. Performance Analysis:
    • Measure the performance parameters such as network lifetime, energy consumption, and throughput for analysis.
  3. Comparison with Other Protocols:
    • Equate the PEGASIS protocol with LEACH, TEEN, or other WSN protocols.
  4. Enhancements:
    • Enhance the chain formation, leader selection, or data aggregation.
  1. Set Up NS2
  1. Install NS2:
    • We can set up NS2 using NS2.35 on Linux with WSN protocols for better outcomes.
  2. Verify Installation:
    • Execute a simple simulation script, making sure that NS2 is properly operating.
  3. Install WSN Extensions:
    • We need to install WSN extensions such as Mannasim that offers for WSN simulations.
  1. Extend NS2 for PEGASIS

NS2 doesn’t directly have PEGASIS, but we can execute the custom logic for chain formation and interaction.

File Structure for PEGASIS:

  1. Protocol Files:
    • Make protocol files like pegasis.h and pegasis.cc using ns-2.35/pegasis/ directory.
  2. Packet Structure:
    • Describe a custom packet type within packet.h for PEGASIS:

struct hdr_pegasis {

int node_id;

double energy;

static int offset_;

};

Steps to Implement PEGASIS:

  1. Chain Formation:
    • We will want to execute a greedy mechanism, according to the node distance for building chains.

void Pegasis::form_chain() {

// Logic to connect nodes to their nearest neighbor

}

  1. Leader Node Selection:
    • Depends on the residual energy, we can choose the leader node.

int Pegasis::select_leader() {

int leader = -1;

double max_energy = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < num_nodes; i++) {

if (node_energy[i] > max_energy) {

max_energy = node_energy[i];

leader = i;

}

}

return leader;

}

  1. Data Transmission:
    • Execute the logic transmitting information toward the leader for nodes that combines and sends it it to the BS.
  2. Recompile NS2:
    • When pegasis.h and pegasis.cc is inserted then we can modernise Makefile and reconstruct the NS2:

cd ns-2.35

make clean

make

  1. Create a Simulation Script

Inscribe a TCL script for replicating a WSN with PEGASIS.

Example: Basic PEGASIS Simulation

  1. Set Up the Network Topology:

set ns [new Simulator]

set tracefile [open pegasis.tr w]

$ns trace-all $tracefile

  1. Configure Nodes:
    • Describe the sensor nodes and its starting energy stages:

set num_nodes 10

for {set i 0} {$i < $num_nodes} {incr i} {

set n($i) [$ns node]

$n($i) set X_ [expr rand() * 100]

$n($i) set Y_ [expr rand() * 100]

$n($i) set energy_ 100 ;# Initial energy

}

  1. Base Station (BS):
    • In a fixed location, we can position the BS:

set BS [$ns node]

$BS set X_ 50

$BS set Y_ 200

  1. Invoke PEGASIS Logic:
    • Integrate the chain formation and interaction logic for PEGASIS:

$ns at 0.0 “pegasis start”

  1. Run and Visualize:
    • Execute and visualize the simulation script:

$ns at 100.0 “finish”

proc finish {} {

global ns tracefile

$ns flush-trace

close $tracefile

exit 0

}

$ns run

  1. Analyze Results

Examine the trace file (pegasis.tr) for estimating the performance of PEGASIS.

Metrics to Evaluate:

  1. Network Lifetime:
    • We need to compute the lifetime of network in anticipation of the first/last node expires.
  2. Energy Consumption:
    • During the simulation, measure the total energy that is utilized.
  3. Throughput:
    • Assess the volume of information which are effectively distributed to the BS.

Example: Analyze Network Lifetime

  1. Extort node death events leveraging the AWK or Python:

awk ‘{if ($1 == “DEAD”) print $0}’ pegasis.tr

  1. Envision the performance parameters such as energy vs. time or packets delivered vs. time to utilise external tools like Python or MATLAB.
  1. Extend the Project
  1. Dynamic Leader Selection:
    • Enrich the leader selection mechanism for equalizing power utilization.
  2. Cluster-Based PEGASIS:
    • Integrate the PEGASIS including clustering in large-scale WSNs.
  3. Comparison with LEACH:
    • We need to equate the performance of PEGASIS with LEACH’s energy efficiency and scalability.
  4. Attack Resilience:
    • Replicate and prevent the attacks such as wormholes or sinkholes for resilience.
  1. Document the Project

It supports to offer detailed insights that include:

  1. Project goals and problem definition.
  2. Simulation configuration and protocol logic.
  3. Performance parameters and its outcomes.
  4. Specifics and references for enhancements.

Example Project Ideas

  1. Performance Analysis of PEGASIS:
    • We will want to equate the performance of PEGASIS in diverse node densities and energy levels.
  2. Energy-Efficient PEGASIS:
    • Recommend optimizations for enhancing the energy balancing in PEGASIS.
  3. PEGASIS in IoT:
    • Execute the PEGASIS including constrained devices for IoT sensor networks.
  4. Secure PEGASIS:
    • Integrate the cryptographic mechanisms for defending the interaction.
  5. Hybrid PEGASIS:
    • We can integrate the hybrid PEGASIS including clustering protocols such as LEACH.

In this manual, PEGASIS Protocol Projects has been effectively simulated and analyzed with NS2 through an innovative approach with relevant sample snippets, with further details to be provided in the forthcoming manual.