How to Start Teardrop Attack Projects Using NS2

To start Teardrop Attack using NS2, make use of vulnerabilities in how systems congregate again the fragmented IP packets which triggering crashes or denial of service. To replicate a Teardrop Attack in NS2 (Network Simulator 2) encompasses to fragment packets inappropriately and transmit them to a target node for ensuing within network disruption.

Below is a basic methodology to get started with Teardrop Attack project using NS2:

Steps to Start Teardrop Attack Projects in NS2

  1. Understand the Teardrop Attack
  • Teardrop Attack:
    • Make use of the IP fragmentation approach.
    • It transmits the fragmented packets including overlapping or mismatched offsets, during reassembly at the target to trigger the issues.
  • Effect:
    • Denial of Service (DoS) within the network.
    • Crashes or disrupts the target node/system.
  1. Set Up NS2
  1. Install NS2:
    • We can set up NS2 and confirm their functionality with the support of a simple TCL simulation script.
    • For packet manipulation, make sure that we have get into the IP and transport layers.
  2. Familiarize with NS2 Components:
    • Know the IP packet controlling in NS2.
    • Focus on alteration of packet headers and payloads.
  1. Design the Teardrop Attack
  • Objective:
    • We will need to replicate a malicious node to transmit fragmented packets including overlapping offsets to a target node.
  • Metrics to Analyze:
    • Network throughput degradation.
    • Latency increase.
    • Packet loss.
  1. Implement the Teardrop Logic

The attack needs to make a custom application or alter packet fragmentation logic.

Step 4.1: Modify Protocol Files

  • In NS2, place the protocol files for IP packet handling as ip.h and ip.cc.

Step 4.2: Implement Fragmentation with Overlaps

  • Fine-tune the IP fragmentation function for making overlapping fragments:

void IP::sendTeardropPacket(Packet *p) {

hdr_ip *iph = hdr_ip::access(p);

int payload_size = p->size();  // Original payload size

// Fragment 1

Packet *frag1 = Packet::alloc();

hdr_ip *iph1 = hdr_ip::access(frag1);

iph1->saddr() = iph->saddr();

iph1->daddr() = iph->daddr();

iph1->frag_off() = 0;  // Offset for fragment 1

frag1->allocdata(payload_size / 2);  // Half payload

// Fragment 2 with overlapping offset

Packet *frag2 = Packet::alloc();

hdr_ip *iph2 = hdr_ip::access(frag2);

iph2->saddr() = iph->saddr();

iph2->daddr() = iph->daddr();

iph2->frag_off() = payload_size / 3;  // Overlapping offset

frag2->allocdata(payload_size / 2);

// Send fragments

send(frag1, 0);

send(frag2, 0);

}

Step 4.3: Integrate the Logic

  • In the malicious node’s application layer, integrate a function for causing the attack as startTeardropAttack.

Step 4.4: Update the Makefile

  • Combine custom protocol or application file like teardrop_attack.cc to the NS2 Makefile.
  • Recompile NS2:

make clean

make

  1. Write the Simulation Script

We can make a TCL script for mimicking the network and contain the malicious node to implement the Teardrop Attack.

Step 5.1: Define Network Topology

  • Describe a basic network topology that includes sender, receiver, and attacker nodes:

set ns [new Simulator]

set tracefile [open trace.tr w]

$ns trace-all $tracefile

# Create nodes

set sender [$ns node]

set receiver [$ns node]

set attacker [$ns node]

Step 5.2: Configure Traffic

  • Configure typical traffic among the sender and receiver:

set udp [new Agent/UDP]

$ns attach-agent $sender $udp

set null [new Agent/Null]

$ns attach-agent $receiver $null

$ns connect $udp $null

set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr attach-agent $udp

$cbr set packetSize_ 512

$cbr set rate_ 10Mb

$ns at 1.0 “$cbr start”

Step 5.3: Activate the Teardrop Attack

  • Set up the malicious node for transmitting fragmented packets:

$ns at 5.0 “$attacker startTeardropAttack $receiver”

Step 5.4: Run the Simulation

  • We must store the tcl simulation script as teardrop_attack.tcl and then run the simulation with NS2:

ns teardrop_attack.tcl

  1. Analyze Results
  • Trace File Analysis:
    • Confirm the trace file (trace.tr) for:
      • Malformed or overlying fragmented packets.
      • Packet loss or retransmissions at the receiver.
      • Influence over other nodes within the network.
  • Visualization with NAM:
    • Monitor the impact of the attack on the network to utilise the Network Animator (NAM) for visualization.
  1. Implement Countermeasures

Experiment defenses versus the Teardrop Attack:

  1. Fragmentation Validation:
    • We make sure that control the overlapping or invalid fragments correctly.
  2. Firewalls:
    • Obstruct suspicious fragmented packets.
  3. Patch Systems:
    • Mimic patched receiver nodes, which dynamically manage the fragmentation errors.
  1. Document the Project

The project should contain:

  • Objective: Explain the Teardrop Attack and their impacts.
  • Setup: Define network topology, nodes, and traffic set up.
  • Simulation Details: Attack logic and TCL script.
  • Results: It provides performance parameters such as packet loss, latency, and network disruption.
  • Countermeasures: Efficiency of mitigation mechanisms.
  1. Additional Resources
  • NS2 Documentation: Familiarize yourself with IP packet handling to refer the NS2 documentation.
  • Research Papers: Focus on fragmentation attacks and defenses.
  • Books:
    • It offers valuable recommendation book like Introduction to Network Simulator NS2 by Teerawat Issariyakul.

In conclusion, you have to make use of this simple approach to understand more about the simulation of Teardrop Attack Projects using NS2 environment and their functionalities and how to analyze and implement the simulation. More relevant specifies will be added in another manual, if required.