How to Start Hierarchical Routing Projects using OMNeT++

To create a hierarchical routing project in OMNeT++, we require to model a replication in which several routers are grouped into regions or hierarchies, and every region uses its own routing protocol such as within-region routing while organising through other regions by a higher-level routing protocol. A popular sample of this is Hierarchical OSPF (or HOSPF), in which the network is spilt into areas and routing is handled together in regions and among areas.

Here’s a step-by-step guide to get you started on a hierarchical routing project in OMNeT++:

Steps to Start Hierarchical Routing Projects using OMNeT++

Step 1: Install OMNeT++

  1. Download OMNeT++:
    • Download OMNeT++ from OMNeT++ official website.
    • Observe the installation procedures for your operating system.
  2. Verify Installation:
    • Open OMNeT++ IDE and checked if it’s operates through processs a simple exasamplemple project.

Step 2: Create a New Project in OMNeT++

  1. Create a New Project:
    • In OMNeT++, go to File > New > OMNeT++ Project.
    • Select a “Simple Project” for hierarchical routing.
    • Name the project such as HierarchicalRouting.
  2. Create Network Modules:
    • State the components of your network: routers, hosts, and possibly regions.
    • In OMNeT++, every component is state through a module.
    • Build modules like as Router, Host, Area, etc.

Step 3: Design Hierarchical Network Topology

  1. Define Areas:
    • In hierarchical routing, routers are grouped into regions such as Area 1, Area 2, and every region can use a various the routing protocol.
    • Build a compound module in OMNeT++ to signify the area. This module can be involving the several routers which transmission using intra-area routing for sample OSPF within an area.
    • Describe the separate compound module for Inter-Area Routing, that will maintain routing among various regions.

Example .ned file to define areas and inter-area communication:

network HierarchicalRoutingNetwork {

submodules:

area1: Area;

area2: Area;

routerA: Router;

routerB: Router;

connections:

area1.router[0].ethg++ <–> EthernetInterface <–> routerA.ethg++;

area1.router[1].ethg++ <–> EthernetInterface <–> routerB.ethg++;

area2.router[0].ethg++ <–> EthernetInterface <–> routerB.ethg++;

}

// Area module definition

module Area {

submodules:

router[2]: Router;  // Two routers in the area

connections:

router[0].ethg++ <–> EthernetInterface <–> router[1].ethg++;

}

  1. Define Router Behavior:
    • The router will be responsible for:
      • Intra-Area Routing: Routing in its area for sample using protocols like OSPF or any custom routing algorithm.
      • Inter-Area Routing: Communicating through other routers in various regions.
    • Execute the basic router functionality like as processing incoming packets, transmitting them to the correct next hop, and handle the routing tables.

Step 4: Implement Routing Logic

  1. Routing Within Areas (Intra-Area Routing):
    • Every area used its own local routing protocol such as, OSPF or any custom algorithm. Routers in a region modify the routing bring up-to-date and handle the routing table for the region.
    • Link-state advertisement (LSA) packets should be modify between routers in the area we handle the updated routing tables.
  2. Routing Between Areas (Inter-Area Routing):
    • Routers on the border for every area will require to communicate through routers in other regions such as often called Area Border Routers or ABRs).
    • Used a simple transmission mechanism such as routing table exchange among routers the boundary of changed regions.
    • This router must perform as gateways, handling the information about the whole network’s topology such as not just within their area and transmitting the packets to the correct area.

Example implementation in C++ for a router’s basic logic:

void Router::handleRoutingTableUpdate(RoutingTableUpdate* update) {

// Check the source and destination of the routing update

if (update->isIntraAreaUpdate()) {

// Update the routing table with new information from within the same area

updateRoutingTable(update);

} else {

// Process inter-area routing updates, send them to the corresponding area

forwardInterAreaUpdate(update);

}

}

Step 5: Define Routing Table and Algorithms

  1. Routing Table:
    • Every router will handle a routing table encompass entries for destinations in its regions and data for transmitting through other regions.
    • Used a table a simple data architecture for sample, std::map or std::vector) to store routing entries.
  2. Implement Dijkstra’s Algorithm for Intra-Area Routing:
    • Used the Dijkstra’s method for measure the minimum path in every area.
    • Every router measures the minimum path to overall other routers in its area, according to current knowledge for sample its own link-state information and that of its neighbours.
  3. Inter-Area Routing:
    • Border routers modify the routing information through every other, forming the Inter-Area Routing Table.
    • When packets require to the travel for various area, they are forwarded to a border router that recognizes the destination area’s path.

Example of Dijkstra’s algorithm:

void Router::runDijkstra() {

// Initialize distances for all routers in the area

for (int i = 0; i < numRoutersInArea; ++i) {

distance[i] = INF;

prevNode[i] = -1;

}

distance[myId] = 0;

// Create priority queue

priority_queue<Node> pq;

pq.push(Node(myId, 0));

while (!pq.empty()) {

Node current = pq.top();

pq.pop();

for (int i = 0; i < numRoutersInArea; ++i) {

if (graph[current.id][i] != INF) {

int newDist = distance[current.id] + graph[current.id][i];

if (newDist < distance[i]) {

distance[i] = newDist;

prevNode[i] = current.id;

pq.push(Node(i, newDist));

}

}

}

}

}

Step 6: Implement Communication Mechanisms

  1. Link-State Advertisements (LSAs):
    • Routers has periodically broadcast LSAs to other routers in their region. This commercial has contained the data about their connection and state.
    • Flooding can be used for the allocating through LSAs during the area.
  2. Messages for Inter-Area Routing:
    • Border routers transfer the bring up-to-date about their routing tables to other areas’ border routers.
    • A simple communication class, like as InterAreaUpdate, can be used to characterize the routing bring up-to-date among areas.

Step 7: Simulation Control and Configuration

  1. Configure the Network:
    • Build a setting file (.ini) to control the replication metrices like as replication time, topology, and routing behaviour.
    • Example of a setting file:

[General]

network = HierarchicalRoutingNetwork

sim-time-limit = 100s

[Area1]

router[0].initialPosition = 0,0

router[1].initialPosition = 100,100

[Area2]

router[0].initialPosition = 200,200

  1. Run the Simulation:
    • Next setting the network and writing the code for routers and sectors, process the replication.
    • OMNeT++ will envision the transmission among routers, and we can show the packet modify, routing bring up-to-date, and performance metrics.

Step 8: Debugging and Testing

  1. Monitor Output:
    • Used the OMNeT++’s Tkenv we envision the network replication and checked the logs for debugging.
    • Checked which routers correctly bring up-to-date their routing tables and sending the packets as expected.
  2. Test Edge Cases:
    • Validate for problems like as router failures, network partitions, and recovery.

Step 9: Extend the Functionality

  1. Add Traffic Generation:
    • We can enhance the congestion build a module we replicate the packet flow in with the sector.
  2. Improve Protocol:
    • We can execute the advanced hierarchical routing protocols, like as Hierarchical OSPF (HOSPF) or IS-IS, through adjusting how on border routers modify the data.

By following these steps, we will have a basic understanding of how to implement a hierarchical routing protocol in OMNeT++, with routers grouped into areas and inter-region communication handled through border routers. We can more extend this by execution for sophisticated hierarchical routing algorithms, handling link failures, and adding performance analysis tools. Should you have any queries about this project, refer to the additional manual.

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