How to Start Adaptive Routing Projects using NS2

To create an Adaptive Routing project in NS2 has includes the build a routing protocol that regulates its behaviour according to the altering network conditions, like as node mobility, congestion design, or connection quality. Adaptive routing protocols can regulate their routing decisions dynamically to optimize the network performance.

Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you start an adaptive routing project in NS2:

Steps to Start Adaptive Routing Projects using NS2

  1. Install NS2

If NS2 is not installed yet, we can observe the installation procedures below:

  • For Linux (Ubuntu/Debian-based):

sudo apt update

sudo apt install ns2

sudo apt install nam

  • For Windows: Used a virtual machine or tools such as Cygwin, as NS2 doesn’t natively helps for the Windows.

Once installed, validate the installation through process:

ns

This should open the NS2 command line interface.

  1. Understand Adaptive Routing Concepts

Adaptive routing mentions to routing protocols which can regulate their behaviour in response to dynamic network conditions, like as:

  • Node Mobility: After nodes are transferring, the network topology constantly variations.
  • Link Quality: Once the connection quality degrades such as due to interference, routing decisions require to adapt.
  • Traffic Load: In heavily congested regions, adaptive protocols could be balancing their load through rerouting congestion.

Some samples are adaptive routing protocols:

  • AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector): Adjusts to network environments through determining the routes after required.
  • DSR (Dynamic Source Routing): Regulates the route discovery process according to the network variations.
  • OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing): A proactive protocol which regulates its routing table terms on the network environments.
  • TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm): Response the topological variations in a highly dynamic network.

In adaptive routing, key features include:

  • Route discovery: Detect the new routes after network environments are variation.
  • Route maintenance: Bring up-to-date routes if the current path becomes undependable.
  • Load balancing: Allocating the congestion for evenly to prevent the traffic.
  1. Set Up Your NS2 Simulation Environment

NS2 replication are build using TCL scripts. We setting a basic environment:

Example of a Simple Network Topology:

Here’s a simple network with 4 nodes, in which the adaptive routing will be executed:

# Create a simulator object

set ns [new Simulator]

# Create nodes (4 nodes in this case)

set n0 [$ns node]

set n1 [$ns node]

set n2 [$ns node]

set n3 [$ns node]

# Create links between nodes

$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 10Mb 20ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 10Mb 20ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 10Mb 20ms DropTail

# Create traffic between nodes (e.g., TCP)

set tcp [new Agent/TCP]

set sink [new Agent/TCPSink]

$sink attach-agent $n3

$tcp attach-agent $n0

$ns connect $tcp $sink

# Define the adaptive routing protocol (custom or existing)

# In this example, we’ll use AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector)

set aodv [new AODV]

$ns routing-protocol $aodv

# Run the simulation

$ns run

  1. Define Adaptive Routing Protocol

NS2 does not offers a specific “adaptive routing protocol” through default, nevertheless we can alter a previous protocol such as AODV or DSR we create it adaptive the network environments, or build your own modify the routing protocol.

For adaptive routing, you typically need to:

  • Monitor network conditions Such as link quality, congestion, node mobility.
  • React to changes through dynamically regulating the routing decisions like as find new routes if a connection break.
  • Support route optimization according to the congestion load or network variations.

Example of Adaptive Routing (e.g., AODV with mobility):

AODV is one of the most generally used the adaptive protocols in NS2. It determines the routes once require and regulates the routes in response to variations in the network. We use the AODV in NS2:

  1. Include the AODV module in your TCL script.
  2. Create a new instance of AODV and assign the network nodes.
  3. Route discovery will be complete dynamically as nodes transfer the route requests.

# Example: AODV Setup for Adaptive Routing

set aodv [new AODV]

$ns routing-protocol $aodv

The AODV routing protocol adapts to changing network conditions by:

  • On-demand route discovery: It only transmit the route requests after require, rather than handling the routes proactively.
  • Route maintenance: AODV maintain the connection breaks and node mobility through distribute route and error messages to the source node.

Customizing Adaptive Features:

If you need to build an own adaptive protocol, we can subclass for the previous routing protocols in NS2 for sample AODV or DSR. In the subclass, we can enhance the logic for adapting to network situations like as:

  • Link quality measurement: Used the connection quality parameter metrices such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or packet loss to adapt routing decisions.
  • Load balancing: Execute the load-aware routing through track the congestion loads at various nodes and regulate the routes to balance the load.
  • Node mobility adaptation: Variation the frequency for route bring up-to-date based on node mobility such as more frequent updates for highly mobile nodes.

Here is an outline for a custom adaptive protocol:

class AdaptiveRoutingProtocol extends AODV {

# Define a method to dynamically adjust routing based on network conditions

proc adjustRouting {node} {

# Check the link quality and traffic load for node

# If link quality is poor or node mobility is high, discover a new route

if { [linkQuality $node] < threshold || [mobility $node] > threshold } {

# Trigger route discovery

$self route-discovery $node

}

}

# Overriding the route discovery method to include adaptive checks

proc route-discovery {source} {

# Your logic for adaptive route discovery

# E.g., discovering a new route based on updated link quality

puts “Adaptive route discovery initiated for $source”

}

}

  1. Simulate Traffic and Monitor Network Conditions

Once we have the routing protocol setting, we can generate the congestion sources and replicate the flow of packets among nodes. Follow on the network performance using suggest the files and envision the outcomes using NAM (Network Animator).

Example of Traffic Generation:

# Create TCP traffic between nodes

set tcp [new Agent/TCP]

set sink [new Agent/TCPSink]

$sink attach-agent $n3

$tcp attach-agent $n0

# Start the traffic at time 1.0

$ns at 1.0 “$tcp send”

# Run the simulation

$ns run

We can also build a trace files to seizure the complete network movements like as packet transmissions, route discoveries, and bring up-to-date:

# Enable tracing for packets and routing

$ns trace-all “output.tr”

Used the NAM tool to envision the packet flow and network activity:

nam output.nam

  1. Analyze Results

Next process the replication, examine the network performance:

  • Throughput: Calculate the amount of data successfully forwarded with the network.
  • End-to-end delay: Estimate the delay for packets to travel from the source to the destination.
  • Packet delivery ratio: Execution the number of packets successfully received versus the number forwarding.
  • Routing overhead: Implements the control message overhead in the network due to adaptive routing.

We can use awk, Python, or any other data analysis tool we process the suggest files and extract the related performance parameter.

  1. Enhancements and Extensions

Once we have a basic adaptive routing protocol execution, deliberate the following improvements:

  • Energy efficiency: incorporate the energy-aware routing we create the protocol more adaptive in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) or wireless sensor networks (WSNs).
  • Multi-path routing: Execution for the multi-path routing we enhance the robustness and load balancing.
  • Scalability: Validate and enhance your protocol for larger networks through further nodes and further dynamic conditions.
  • Quality of Service (QoS): Execution for QoS features like as prioritizing certain kinds of traffic such as voice or video based on network conditions.

In the end of the simulation, we all learn and get knowledge about the Adaptive Routing that is used to identify the shortest path was implemented in ns2 simulation tool. Any queries related to this project will be clarified in a different manual.

The aforementioned services are provided by our team of highly trained experts and developers, ensuring that your projects are completed punctually. Simply provide us with your details, and we will offer exceptional research guidance along with customized topics. For expert assistance, please reach out to phdprojects.org.