How to Start Benes Network Routing Projects Using NS2

To stimulate the Beneš network is a switching network used in computer structure and parallel computing. It’s a kind of non-blocking network, precisely used in interconnection networks, and is generally used to route the data in systems such as parallel processors or network-on-chip (NoC). The Beneš network is according to the recursive architecture, built from a logarithmic number of stages we act as the routing.

We replicate the beneš network routing in NS2, we will require to the model for a network topology, describe the routing procedures, and setting the replication for the environment.

Steps to Start a Beneš Network Routing Project in NS2

  1. Install NS2

Generate the certain which NS2 is installed on your system. We can install it through following these steps:

  • For Ubuntu/Debian:

sudo apt update

sudo apt install ns2

sudo apt install nam

  • For Windows: We may require a virtual machine running Linux or use Cygwin to install NS2.

We can validate the NS2 is installed through processing:

ns

  1. Understand Beneš Network Topology and Routing

The Beneš network is a multi-stage interconnection network combined for the crossbar switches arranged in phases. It has a recursive architecture, in which every phase has connects the inputs and outputs for the switches in a non-blocking way.

  • Topological Structure: The Beneš network is typically a 2-stage or multi-stage network through several steps such as N x N switches that network is split into blocks. Every switch has connected the several inputs and outputs.
  • Routing Algorithm: The routing in a Beneš network can be deterministic or adaptive dependent on the network’s routing mechanism. Routing is complete through carefully choosing the paths complete the crossbar switches, enable that the network is non-blocking.

In common:

  1. Beneš Networks are used to route the packets from one node to another in an effective path.
  2. Routing decisions are according to the path availability and switch connectivity at every phase.
  1. Create a Network Topology for the Beneš Network

The Beneš network has a recursive structure that typically has includes the generating a multi-stage switch network. It’s important model for a grid-like architecture to execute the the Beneš network.

  • Nodes: Signify the switches in the network.
  • Links: Characterize the connections among the switches and other devices such as routers or endpoints.
  • Stages: The Beneš network has includes the several phases of switches. Every stage connects the switches according to the Beneš network structure, that may need a recursive connection we replicate its behaviour accurately.
  1. Implement Beneš Network Routing in NS2

Then NS2 does not have an out-of-the-box Beneš network execution, we will require to exection the topology manually through building a nodes, connection, and switches. Below an sample on how we can build the network topology and routing logic in NS2.

Example TCL Script for Beneš Network Routing

# Create a simulator object

set ns [new Simulator]

# Define number of nodes and stages for the Beneš network

set N 8 ;# Number of nodes

set stages 3 ;# Number of stages (log2(N))

# Create nodes for the Beneš network

for {set i 0} {$i < $N} {incr i} {

set node_$i [$ns node]

}

# Create links between nodes in the Beneš network

# Set up the recursive link structure (multi-stage)

for {set stage 0} {$stage < $stages} {incr stage} {

# Create links between nodes at each stage based on Beneš structure

# Example: in a 3-stage Beneš network, create links between nodes at each stage

for {set i 0} {$i < $N/2} {incr i} {

# Links between nodes at each stage

$ns duplex-link $node_($i) $node_([expr $i + $N/2]) 10Mb 10ms DropTail

}

}

# Define traffic flow (CBR) between source and destination

set udp1 [new Agent/UDP]

set sink1 [new Agent/Null]

$sink1 attach-agent $node_($N-1)  ;# Destination node (last node)

$udp1 attach-agent $node_0   ;# Source node (first node)

set cbr1 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr1 set packetSize_ 512

$cbr1 set interval_ 0.1  ;# Set rate for CBR traffic

$cbr1 attach-agent $udp1

$ns connect $udp1 $sink1

# Set traffic start and stop times

$ns at 1.0 “$cbr1 start”

$ns at 5.0 “$cbr1 stop”

# Trace file and animation output

$ns trace-all “benes_network_output.tr”

$ns namtrace-all “benes_network_output.nam”

# Run the simulation

$ns run

  1. Explanation of the TCL Script
  1. Network Topology:
    • The number of nodes is state through N for example, 8 nodes, and the number of steps is measured as the log2(N), that signifies the steps in a Beneš network.
    • Nodes are built by $ns node, and connection among them they are create a using of $ns duplex-link.
  2. Link Creation:
    • The Beneš network needs a careful construction of recursive connection among stages. In the sample above, the links are set up between nodes at each stage in a recursive manner.
    • Every switch at every phase is connected to another node from the previous phase to form the Beneš network.
  3. Traffic Flow:
    • A CBR (Constant Bit Rate) application is used we built a congestion among a source node and a destination node.
    • The congestion starts at 1.0s and stops at 5.0s of the replication time.
  4. Trace and NAM:
    • The trace-all and namtrace-all commands are used to create a suggest files and NAM files for envision the replication.
    • The trace file such as benes_network_output.tr includes the complete packet-level information, though the NAM file like as benes_network_output.nam offers a visual demonstration for the network and packet actions.
  1. Run and Analyze the Results

Next process for the replication, we can examine the outcomes using NAM and trace files.

  1. NAM Visualization:
    • Used the envision for NAM we visualize for the packet flow and routing in the Beneš network:

nam benes_network_output.nam

  1. Trace File Analysis:
    • The trace file such as benes_network_output.tr involves the complete data about packet movement and routing decisions.
    • Used the awk or other tools to process the suggestion data:

awk ‘{print $1, $2, $3, $4}’ benes_network_output.tr

  1. Extend the Beneš Network Routing Project

We can extend the Beneš network routing replication through adding further advanced features:

  1. Multi-stage Beneš Networks:
    • Research through several stage numbers such as increase stages for larger networks and discover on how the performance for changes in terms of throughput and latency.
  2. Dynamic Link Failure and Fault Tolerance:
    • Replicate the link failures in the Beneš network and view on how the system response to this failure.
    • Estimate the fault-tolerant routing mechanisms to reroute packets when a connection goes down.
  3. Multiple Traffic Flows:
    • Enhance the several CBR traffic flows among several source-destination pairs and examine on how the Beneš network supports the several flows.
  4. Performance Metrics:
    • Calculate the end-to-end delay, throughput, and packet loss in the Beneš network and associate through other topologies such as Mesh or Fat-Tree networks.
  5. Routing Algorithms:
    • Execution the adaptive routing procedures for the Beneš network and associate them by deterministic routing approaches.

In the above manual, we demonstrate the comprehensive procedures to simulate and execute the Beneš network Routing that has simulation procedures explanation, sample snippets and modification were given to execute in ns2 tool. A complementary manual will be issued to answer further queries.

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