How to Start Dijkstra’s Link State Projects using NS2

To create a Dijkstra’s Link-State routing project in NS2 has involves the replicating of a network in which every node uses the Dijkstra procedure we calculate the minimum path to other nodes according to the link-state data. The Dijkstra procedure is a well-known graph search method used to find the minimum path among nodes in a network, and it forms the basis for many routing protocols like OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) in IP networks.

Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you get started with Dijkstra’s Link-State Routing in NS2:

Steps to Start Dijkstra’s Link State Projects using NS2

  1. Install NS2

If you haven’t previous for installed the NS2, follow these steps to install it:

  • For Linux (Ubuntu/Debian-based):

sudo apt update

sudo apt install ns2

sudo apt install nam

  • For Windows: We will require to use a virtual machine or Cygwin, as NS2 does not helps the Windows natively.

Once installed, validate the installation by process:

ns

This should open the NS2 command-line interface.

  1. Understand Dijkstra’s Link-State Routing

In Dijkstra’s Link-State Routing, every node in network has handle the link-state database that save the data about its direct neighbours and the cost of the connection among them. Nodes are modifying the link-state data and use Dijkstra’s algorithm we calculate the minimum path to every destination according to the link-state data they receive.

Key steps of Dijkstra’s Link-State Routing:

  1. Initialization: Every node has initialized through assuming which is the optimize the path to many other nodes is direct neighbours.
  2. Exchange of Link-State Information: Nodes are periodically modify the link-state data by their neighbours.
  3. Routing Table Calculation: Every node used in a Dijkstra’s algorithm to calculate the minimum path to overall other nodes in the network based on the received link-state data.
  4. Path Selection: choose the node for optimize the minimum path for transmit the packets.
  1. Set Up NS2 Simulation Environment

To replicate the Dijkstra’s Link-State Routing in NS2, we will require to state the network topology, setting the routing, and execution of link-state protocol. NS2 offers an OSPF routing protocol such as which uses Dijkstra’s algorithm, nevertheless we can estimate the basic Link-State Routing manually we replicate the behaviour.

Here is a plan of the steps to set up a basic Dijkstra’s Link-State routing replication in NS2.

  1. Define the Network Topology

We will initialize through describing the network nodes and the connection among them. For simplicity, let’s assume, we have a minimum network for the nodes such as say, 5 nodes.

Example Topology:

(n0) —- (n1)

|         |

(n2) —- (n3) —- (n4)

  1. Create the TCL Script

In the script, we will build the nodes and connection, and replicate on how every node calculate the minimum path using the Link-State method.

Example TCL Script:

# Create a new simulator object

set ns [new Simulator]

# Create nodes

set n0 [$ns node]

set n1 [$ns node]

set n2 [$ns node]

set n3 [$ns node]

set n4 [$ns node]

# Create links between nodes

$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 10Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 10Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n1 $n3 10Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n3 $n4 10Mb 10ms DropTail

# Set up routing protocol (here we will simulate it manually using IP)

# In reality, you would implement Dijkstra’s algorithm to compute routing tables

# Configure the network traffic

# Create UDP agents

set udp1 [new Agent/UDP]

set sink1 [new Agent/Null]

$sink1 attach-agent $n2

$udp1 attach-agent $n0

# Create a CBR traffic source (e.g., for video or voice)

set cbr1 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr1 set packetSize_ 512

$cbr1 set interval_ 0.1  ;# Set rate for CBR traffic

$cbr1 attach-agent $n0

# Set the traffic flow from n0 to n2

$ns connect $udp1 $sink1

 

# Create another traffic flow from n0 to n3

set udp2 [new Agent/UDP]

set sink2 [new Agent/Null]

$sink2 attach-agent $n3

$udp2 attach-agent $n0

set cbr2 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr2 set packetSize_ 512

$cbr2 set interval_ 0.1

$cbr2 attach-agent $n0

$ns connect $udp2 $sink2

# Set up IP routing, simulating link-state behavior

# Each node computes shortest paths based on the link-state database

# Example: Start traffic at time 1.0 and stop at 5.0

$ns at 1.0 “$cbr1 start”

$ns at 5.0 “$cbr1 stop”

$ns at 1.0 “$cbr2 start”

$ns at 5.0 “$cbr2 stop”

# Run the simulation

$ns run

  1. Explain the TCL Script
  • Create Nodes and Links: We describe the simple network through 5 nodes such as n0, n1, n2, n3, and n4 and build a duplex connection among the nodes through detailed bandwidth for sample10Mb and delay for insatnce10ms.
  • Set Up Traffic: We build a UDP agents for data transmission among n0 and n2 as well as among n0 and n3. The congestion is created using CBR (Constant Bit Rate) congestion, that transfer data at a constant rate.
  • Traffic Flow: We stipulate the start and stop times for the congestion generation.
  1. Simulate Link-State Routing Using Dijkstra’s Algorithm

Although NS2 offers the built-in support for routing protocols such as OSPF, it does not directly execute the Dijkstra’s Link-State technique for simple network setting. For modify the execution, you would necessary to write a technique that implement the link-state routing behaviour, in which every node periodically broadcasts have the link-state information to neighbours, and used the minimum path measured for Dijkstra’s procedures.

You can extend the existing simulation by:

  • Link-State Information Exchange: Have every node periodically broadcast its link-state information to the neighbours (i.e., its direct neighbours and their costs).
  • Dijkstra’s Algorithm: Next receiving the link-state data, every node processes the Dijkstra’s technique we calculate the minimum path of overall other nodes.
  • Routing Table: According to the minimum path are measured, the nodes bring up-to-date their routing tables.

Since executing the full Dijkstra’s Link-State routing manually in NS2 needs to the substantial code such as to manage the link-state database and the algorithm, it is commonly easier to start through previous protocols such as OSPF like which implements Dijkstra’s algorithm and alter them to suit your necessary. However, we can also replicate the basic idea through describing the modify routing tables and bring up-to-date them periodically.

  1. Set Up Trace Files and Analyze Results

Once the process for replication, we can build a file for suggestion to analyse the network’s behaviour and performance.

Enable Trace Generation:

# Ensure the packet trace outcomes to study for routing behaviour

$ns trace-all “output.tr”

We can then use NAM (Network Animator) we show the network replication and the select the routing path:

nam output.nam

  1. Test and Extend the Simulation

We can extend the replication of:

  • Vary Traffic Types: Validate through various kinds of congestion such as TCP vs. UDP we show on how link-state routing performs below the different conditions.
  • Implement Link-State Updates: Improve the mechanism for nodes to periodically bring up-to-date and broadcast their link-state data to replicate the periodic modify of link-state packets.
  • Node Failure and Recovery: Replicate the node/conncetion failures and recovery, and follow on how the routing table familiarizes the new topology.

We absolutely deliver the complete procedure that utilized to simulate the Dijkstra’s Link-State routing project in NS2 simulation tool and also, we deliver the snippets, explanation and the advanced features to improve the Dijkstra’s Link-State routing. If you want to know more details about these techniques feel free to ask with us!

For professional support, please contact phdprojects.org. The team at phdprojects.org consists of skilled experts and developers who specialize in managing the aforementioned Dijkstra’s Link State, guaranteeing the prompt completion of your projects. Furthermore, we are well-prepared to address routing protocols such as OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) within IP networks. Just share your needs with us, and we will provide you with top-notch research guidance and tailored topics.