How to Start Distributed Routing Projects Using NS2

To create a Distributed Routing project using NS2 (Network Simulator 2), follow this structured procedure. Distributed routing has been including the routing decisions build by individual nodes according to local information and communication through neighbours, as opposed to centralized control. Here’s a step by step follow for below the implementation process.

Steps to Start Distributed Routing Projects Using NS2

Step 1: Set Up NS2 Environment

  1. Install NS2:
    • Download and install NS2 from the NS2 Official Website.
    • Install needs such as Tcl, OTcl, and NAM.
    • Validate the installation:

ns -version

  1. Learn NS2 Basics:
    • Recognize the NS2’s scripting language (Tcl) for state the nodes, connection, and routing protocols.
    • Discover the sample scripts in the ns-allinone-2.x/examples/ directory.

Step 2: Understand Distributed Routing

  1. What is Distributed Routing?
    • Every node has handled the own routing table.
    • Nodes are modifying the routing information through neighbours we calculate the routes.
    • Sample has involved the Distance Vector Routing (like RIP) and Link State Routing (like OSPF).
  2. Key Characteristics:
    • Scalability: Appropriate for the large networks.
    • Fault Tolerance: Nodes can be dynamically adapt the network variations.
  3. Algorithms for Distributed Routing:
    • Bellman-Ford Algorithm such as Distance Vector Routing
    • Dijkstra’s Algorithm like as Link State Routing
    • Custom routing technique for sample energy-aware or delay-tolerant routing.

Step 3: Define a Network Topology

  1. Build a node and connections in the NS2 Tcl script:

set ns [new Simulator]

# Define nodes

set n1 [$ns node]

set n2 [$ns node]

set n3 [$ns node]

set n4 [$ns node]

# Create links with bandwidth, delay, and queue type

$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 1Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 1Mb 15ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n3 $n4 1Mb 20ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n1 $n4 1Mb 30ms DropTail

  1. Allocate the costs to connection according to the bandwidth or delay.

Step 4: Implement Distributed Routing Logic

Option 1: Tcl-Based Implementation

  1. State the routing tables for every node:

set routingTable {}

proc initializeRoutingTable {nodes} {

global routingTable

foreach node $nodes {

set routingTable($node) {}

foreach dest $nodes {

if {$node == $dest} {

set routingTable($node,$dest) 0

} else {

set routingTable($node,$dest) inf

}

}

}

}

  1. Bring up-to-date routing tables dynamically:

proc updateRoutingTable {src dest cost} {

global routingTable

if {$routingTable($src,$dest) > $cost} {

set routingTable($src,$dest) $cost

puts “Routing table updated for $src to $dest with cost $cost”

}

}

  1. Share bring up-to-date through neighbours:

proc broadcastUpdate {node neighbors} {

global routingTable

foreach neighbor $neighbors {

foreach dest [array names routingTable $node,*] {

# Send routing table updates

puts “Sending update from $node to $neighbor for $dest”

}

}

}

Option 2: C++ Implementation for Custom Routing Agent

  1. Create a New Routing Agent:
    • Encompass the Agent class in NS2 we execute the distributed routing logic.

Example:

class DistributedRoutingAgent : public Agent {

public:

DistributedRoutingAgent();

void recv(Packet* p, Handler* h);

void updateRoutingTable(int src, int dest, int cost);

private:

std::map<int, std::map<int, int>> routingTable; // Node -> (Dest -> Cost)

};

  1. Implement Routing Logic:
    • Handle a routing table.
    • Forward the bring up-to-date to neighbours after the cost variations.
    • Remeasure the routes terms on the received bring up-to-date.
  2. Recompile NS2:
    • Enhance the new agent to the Makefile.
    • Recompile NS2:

make clean && make

Step 5: Define Traffic Flows

  1. Enhance the congestion sources and sinks to the network:

# Attach UDP agent to nodes

set udp [new Agent/UDP]

$ns attach-agent $n1 $udp

set sink [new Agent/Null]

$ns attach-agent $n4 $sink

$ns connect $udp $sink

# Define traffic

set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr attach-agent $udp

$cbr set packetSize_ 512

$cbr set interval_ 0.05

$ns at 1.0 “$cbr start”

  1. Follow on how the packets are routed dynamically according to the distributed routing logic.

Step 6: Run the Simulation

  1. Store the Tcl script as distributed_routing.tcl.
  2. Process for the replication:

ns distributed_routing.tcl

  1. Envision the replication using NAM (Network Animator):

nam distributed_routing.nam

  1. Analyze the trace file to verify:
    • Path selection
    • Routing table updates
    • Packet delivery ratio and latency

Step 7: Enhance the Project

  1. Dynamic Updates:
    • Replicate the connection failures or topology variations.
    • Validate on how routing tables adjust to these variations.
  2. Performance Metrics:
    • Calculate the end-to-end delay, throughput, and routing overhead.
  3. Energy Efficiency (Optional):
    • Execute the energy-aware routing for wireless sensor networks (WSNs).
  4. Comparison:
    • Associate the distributed routing protocol through centralized approaches or other protocols such as OSPF or AODV.

In the end of the simulation, we all learn and get knowledge about the distributed routing that is used make the appropriate decision independently and that was implemented in ns2 simulation tool. If you have concerns, they will be addressed in a separate manual.

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