How to Start Dynamic Routing Projects using NS2

To stimulate a Dynamic Routing project in NS2 has includes the generating a routing protocol which can regulate routes in real-time according to the altering the environment of the network. Dynamic routing protocols can adjust to network topology variations like as node mobility, connection failures, and traffic congestion. Protocols such as AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector) and DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) are common sample of dynamic routing protocols in ad-hoc networks.

Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you start a dynamic routing project in NS2:

Steps to Start Dynamic Routing Projects using NS2

  1. Install NS2

If NS2 is not installed yet, we can observe the installation steps below:

  • For Linux (Ubuntu/Debian-based):

sudo apt update

sudo apt install ns2

sudo apt install nam

  • For Windows:  We will require to use a virtual machine or Cygwin, as NS2 doesn’t natively helps for the Windows.

Once installed, validate the installation through processing:

ns

This should open the NS2 command line interface.

  1. Understand Dynamic Routing

Dynamic routing mentions to protocols which assure the nodes in a network to dynamically detect the routes according to the real-time network conditions such as topology changes, link failures. Unlike static routing, in which the routes are predefined, dynamic routing protocols can adjust to network movements like as:

  • Node mobility: Nodes action and network topology are varied.
  • Link failures: If a connection breaks, a new route is discovered.
  • Traffic congestion: Routes can be dynamically altering we prevent the congested areas.

Dynamic routing protocols can be classified into:

  • On-demand protocols such as AODV, DSR: Routes are explored only after required.
  • Proactive protocols like as OLSR, DSDV: Routes are handled the overall times.
  • Hybrid protocols for sample ZRP: A association for proactive and reactive methods.
  1. Set Up Your NS2 Simulation Environment

NS2 replications are written using TCL scripts. We setting a basic replication, we first build a basic network topology through nodes and connection. We will require to state your dynamic routing protocol in the TCL script.

Basic Network Setup Example:

# Create a simulator object

set ns [new Simulator]

# Create nodes (example with 4 nodes)

set n0 [$ns node]

set n1 [$ns node]

set n2 [$ns node]

set n3 [$ns node]

# Create links between nodes

$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 10Mb 20ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 10Mb 20ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 10Mb 20ms DropTail

# Set up the routing protocol (e.g., AODV)

set aodv [new AODV]

$ns routing-protocol $aodv

# Create traffic between nodes

set tcp [new Agent/TCP]

set sink [new Agent/TCPSink]

$sink attach-agent $n3

$tcp attach-agent $n0

$ns connect $tcp $sink

# Start sending data

$ns at 1.0 “$tcp send”

# Run the simulation

$ns run

In this example:

  • We build a network topology with 4 nodes and connection among them.
  • We setting an AODV routing protocol to dynamically detect and bring up-to-date routes.
  • We generate a TCP traffic among the nodes to replicate the data transmission.
  • Finally, we process the replication and transmitting the data.
  1. Define the Dynamic Routing Protocol

NS2 offers the multiple built-in dynamic routing protocols, such as AODV and DSR, which we can use in your replication. We can also encompass this protocol we build your own dynamic routing protocol. Here’s an aspect on how to use AODV in a dynamic environment:

Example: Using AODV for Dynamic Routing

AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector) is a famous on-demand dynamic routing protocol. It builds a route only after required and eliminates them when no longer needed.

  1. Include the AODV module in your TCL script:

set aodv [new AODV]

$ns routing-protocol $aodv

  1. Configure AODV: We can set the AODV’s parameters for routing behaviour, like as route timeouts, hello intervals, and the maximum number of hops.

Example: Using DSR for Dynamic Routing

DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) is another dynamic routing protocol which assigns the nodes to detect the routes on-demand. DSR operates through save the source route in the packet header, that supports to decrease control the message overhead.

  1. Include DSR in the TCL script:

set dsr [new DSR]

$ns routing-protocol $dsr

  1. DSR Characteristics:
    • DSR uses source routing to transmit the complete path.
    • It has route caches which can supports to decrease the overhead through reusing recognized the routes.

We can alter the protocols additional for according to the requirements.

  1. Create Traffic and Test Routing Protocol

After the routing protocol is configure, we can replicate the congestion in the network and follow on how the routing protocol adjusts to topology variations such as node movement, link failure). We can build a congestion using several applications, like as TCP, UDP, or CBR (Constant Bit Rate) traffic.

Example: TCP Traffic Between Nodes

# Create a TCP traffic flow from node 0 to node 3

set tcp [new Agent/TCP]

set sink [new Agent/TCPSink]

$sink attach-agent $n3

$tcp attach-agent $n0

# Connect the TCP agents

$ns connect $tcp $sink

# Send data at time 1.0 seconds

$ns at 1.0 “$tcp send”

# Run the simulation

$ns run

You can also simulate other types of traffic (UDP, CBR) depending on your project goals.

  1. Test Dynamic Behavior

We validate on how the dynamic routing protocol adjusts to network variations, we can:

  • Move nodes during the replication to view on how the routing protocol response to mobility.
  • Break links or establish delays and follow for the protocol dynamically detects new paths.

For sample, to move a node, you can use:

$ns at 5.0 “$n0 setdest 10.0 10.0 5.0”

This moves node 0 to the organizes such as10.0, 10.0 at time 5.0 seconds through a speed of 5.0 m/s.

  1. Create Trace Files and Analyze Results

NS2 permits we can build the suggest files which has involves the complete information about packet transmissions, routing bring up-to-date, and other movements during the replication.

We ensure the suggestion:

$ns trace-all “output.tr”

This will build a suggest file output.tr. we can examine this file using tools such as awk, Python, or MATLAB to extract significant performance parameter metrices, like as:

  • Throughput: Calculate the number for data delivered successfully.
  • End-to-End Delay: Estimate the time it takes for packets we travel from the source to the destination.
  • Packet Delivery Ratio: Implement the divide for the packets delivered against sent.
  • Routing Overhead: Execute the number of control packets modify for route discovery and handling.

We can also visualize the replication using NAM:

nam output.nam

  1. Enhancements and Extensions

After the basic dynamic routing protocol is executed, we can further improve your project through adding features like as:

  • Mobility models: Execute the various mobility models such as Random Waypoint, Gauss-Markov we replicate the realistic node action.
  • Quality of Service (QoS): Incorporate the QoS metrics such as bandwidth, latency we build a routing decision further adaptive.
  • Energy-efficient routing: Estimate the energy-aware routing protocols to extend the network’s lifetime.
  • Multi-path routing: Apply the multi-path routing to increase the reliability and load balancing in the network.
  • Scalability: Validate the protocol on larger networks through further nodes and more dynamic behaviour.

From the demonstration we completely aggregate the information about the installation process and implementation procedure for Dynamic routing that were deploy in the tool of ns2. Queries about the project will be answered in another manual.

phdprojects.org team  is made up of talented professionals and developers who excel in managing the Dynamic Routing Project mentioned earlier, ensuring that your tasks are completed on time. We work with protocols like AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector) and DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) tailored to meet the specific requirements of your projects.