How to Start Flooding Routing Projects Using NS2

To create a Flooding Routing project using NS2 (Network Simulator 2), follow this brief explanation for implement process below steps:

Steps to Start Flooding Routing Projects Using NS2

Step 1: Setup NS2 Environment

  1. Install NS2:
    • Download NS2 from the NS2 Official Website.
    • Install needs such as Tcl, OTcl, and NAM.
    • Validate the installation:

ns -version

  1. Learn NS2 Basics:
    • Appreciate on how to generate nodes, connection, and traffic flows in NS2 scripts.
    • Examine the sample scripts from the ns-allinone-2.x/examples/ directory.

Step 2: Understand Flooding Routing

  1. Flooding Overview:
    • In flooding, every node has transmitted the incoming packets to all the neighbours except the sender.
    • It used in the network discovery or after the network topology is unidentified.
  2. Challenges of Flooding:
    • Broadcast Storm Problem: Packets can be multiplying the exponentially, producing the congestion.
    • Duplicate Packets: Nodes may be receiving the similar packet for several times.
  3. Goals:
    • Apply the basic flooding logic.
    • Maintain the variation using mechanisms such as sequence numbers or hop count limits.

Step 3: Design Network Topology

  1. Create a network with multiple nodes:

set ns [new Simulator]

# Define nodes

set n1 [$ns node]

set n2 [$ns node]

set n3 [$ns node]

set n4 [$ns node]

set n5 [$ns node]

# Create links

$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 1Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n1 $n3 1Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n2 $n4 1Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n3 $n5 1Mb 10ms DropTail

  1. State the connection through bandwidth, delay, and queue kind of replicate the realistic situations.

Step 4: Implement Flooding Logic

Flooding logic can be applying through alter or spread the routing agents.

Option 1: Using Tcl for Simple Flooding

  1. Add a flooding procedure to broadcast packets:

proc flood {src pkt} {

global ns

 

# Get neighbors of the source node

set neighbors [$src neighbors]

# Forward the packet to all neighbors

foreach neighbor $neighbors {

if {$neighbor != [$pkt last-hop]} {

$ns send-to $neighbor $pkt

}

}

}

  1. Assign the procedure to the event triggered through packet reception.
  2. Finding the packet duplication using sequence numbers:

set seenPackets {}

proc isDuplicate {pkt} {

global seenPackets

set id [$pkt unique-id]

if {[lsearch -exact $seenPackets $id] != -1} {

return 1

} else {

lappend seenPackets $id

return 0

}

}

Option 2: Extend NS2 Routing Agents in C++

  1. Create a New Flooding Agent:
    • Spread the Agent class we maintain the flooding.

Example:

class FloodingAgent : public Agent {

public:

FloodingAgent();

void recv(Packet* pkt, Handler* h);

};

FloodingAgent::FloodingAgent() : Agent(PT_UDP) {}

void FloodingAgent::recv(Packet* pkt, Handler* h) {

// Extract packet info

hdr_ip* iph = hdr_ip::access(pkt);

// Forward packet to neighbors

Node* node = Node::get_node_by_address(iph->saddr());

for (int i = 0; i < node->num_ifaces(); i++) {

Packet* copy = pkt->copy();

node->send(copy, i);

}

// Drop the original packet

Packet::free(pkt);

}

  1. Compile the New Agent:
    • Enhance the new agent to Makefile and recompile NS2:

make clean && make

Step 5: Define Traffic Flows

  1. Improve the congestion sources and sinks:

set udp [new Agent/UDP]

$ns attach-agent $n1 $udp

set sink [new Agent/Null]

$ns attach-agent $n5 $sink

$ns connect $udp $sink

# Generate traffic

set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr attach-agent $udp

$cbr set packetSize_ 512

$cbr set interval_ 0.05

$ns at 1.0 “$cbr start”

  1. Validate the flooding mechanism through several traffic sources.

Step 6: Simulate and Analyze

  1. Store the Tcl script such as flooding_routing.tcl.
  2. Process for the replication:

ns flooding_routing.tcl

  1. Envision the replication using NAM:

nam flooding_routing.nam

  1. Examine the suggest file for:
    • Packet delivery ratio
    • Number of duplicate packets
    • Latency

Step 7: Optimize Flooding

  1. Reduce Redundancy:
    • Used the sequence for numbers to prevent the processing duplicate packets.
    • Find the flooding using a hop count (TTL).
  2. Add Performance Metrics:
    • Calculate the overhead caused through flooding.
    • Measure the efficiency for delivery.
  3. Advanced Flooding:
    • Replicate the probabilistic flooding or choose the flooding based on topology.

Step 8: Extend the Project

  1. Associate the flooding by other routing protocols for sample AODV, DSDV.
  2. Validate in larger networks or dynamic topologies.
  3. Replicate the flooding in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) or mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs).

Here, we understand how to implement the Flooding Routing for transmit the sending nodes in ns2 tool. We will offer the additional detailed explanation for Flooding Routing how it performs in other tools.

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