How to Start On Wireless Routing protocol Projects Using NS2

To start a wireless routing protocol project using NS2 which functioning with protocols that are indented for dynamic and infrastructure-less wireless networks such as Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), or other wireless topologies. Below is a sequential approach to get started with wireless routing protocol projects in NS2:

Steps to Start On Wireless Routing Protocol Projects in NS2

1. Understand Wireless Routing Protocols

Wireless routing protocols are appropriately categorized to:

1. Proactive Protocols (Table-Driven):
   • It helps to sustain the current routes for every node.
   • For examples: DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector), OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing).
2. Reactive Protocols (On-Demand):
   • Make routes only if needed for minimizing the overhead.
   • Instances: AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance-Vector), DSR (Dynamic Source Routing).
3. Hybrid Protocols:
   • Integrate the proactive and reactive aspects in hybrid protocols for efficiency.
   • Example: ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol).
4. Hierarchical Protocols:
   • Make use of hierarchical protocol’s clustering or layering for scalability.
   • Examples: LEACH, PEGASIS.

2. Define Your Project Objectives

Focus on the key goals of project like:

1. Protocol Simulation:
   • Replicate and estimate the wireless routing protocols such as AODV, DSDV, or DSR.
2. Performance Analysis:
   • We can equate the performance parameters such as throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), delay, and overhead for various protocols.
3. Protocol Optimization:
   • Refine the protocols for finest energy efficiency, scalability, or QoS (Quality of Service).
4. Security Mechanisms:
   • Replicate the attacks mechanisms such as blackhole, wormhole and we recommend secure solutions.
5. Scenario-Specific Analysis:
   • Experiment the protocols such as IoT, VANET, or WSN within certain wireless scenarios.

3. Set Up NS2

1. Install NS2:
   • For better compatibility including wireless routing protocols, we can set up NS2 using NS2.35 version.
2. Verify Installation:
   • Execute an example simulation, verifying the installation set up.

4. Create a Simulation Script

Inscribe a TCL script for replicating the wireless routing protocols using NS2.

Example: AODV Protocol Simulation in a Wireless Network

1. Set Up the Wireless Network Topology:

set ns [new Simulator]

# Define trace and animation files

set tracefile [open wireless_routing.tr w]

$ns trace-all $tracefile

set namfile [open wireless_routing.nam w]

$ns namtrace-all $namfile

# Set up wireless network parameters

$ns node-config -adhocRouting AODV \

-llType LL \

-macType Mac/802_11 \

-ifqType Queue/DropTail/PriQueue \

-ifqLen 50 \

-antType Antenna/OmniAntenna \

-propType Propagation/TwoRayGround \

-phyType Phy/WirelessPhy \

-channelType Channel/WirelessChannel \

-topoInstance [new Topography]

# Create wireless nodes

set n0 [$ns node]

set n1 [$ns node]

set n2 [$ns node]

set n3 [$ns node]

1. Define Mobility:
   • We will need to integrate the mobility models for replicating dynamic topology:

set topography [new Topography]

$topography load_flatgrid 500 500 ;# Area of simulation

$ns at 0.0 “$n0 setdest 100 200 10.0”

$ns at 10.0 “$n1 setdest 200 100 15.0”

$ns at 20.0 “$n2 setdest 300 200 20.0”

1. Add Traffic Sources:
   • Set up traffic sources of TCP or UDP for interaction:

set udp [new Agent/UDP]

$ns attach-agent $n0 $udp

set null [new Agent/Null]

$ns attach-agent $n3 $null

$ns connect $udp $null

set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr set packetSize_ 512

$cbr set interval_ 0.1

$cbr attach-agent $udp

1. Run the Simulation:

$ns at 50.0 “finish”

proc finish {} {

global ns tracefile namfile

$ns flush-trace

close $tracefile

close $namfile

exec nam wireless_routing.nam &

exit 0

}

$ns run

5. Analyze Simulation Results

We will examine the simulation outcomes utilising trace file as wireless_routing.tr for estimating the performance of protocols.

Metrics to Evaluate:

1. Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR):
   • Assess the percentage of packets that are effectively distributed to the end nodes.

awk ‘{if ($1 == “r” && $4 == “AGT”) recd++; if ($1 == “s” && $4 == “AGT”) sent++} END {print “PDR:”, recd/sent*100 “%”}’ wireless_routing.tr

1. Routing Overhead:
   • During the simulation, measure the volume of control packets which are generated:

awk ‘{if ($7 == “AODV” || $7 == “DSDV” || $7 == “DSR”) count++} END {print “Routing Overhead:”, count}’ wireless_routing.tr

1. End-to-End Delay:
   • Evaluate the average delay, attaining its end node for packets.
2. Throughput:
   • Compute the volume of data which are efficiently shared over time.

6. Visualize Results

1. Use NAM (Network Animator):
   • Envision the mobility, routing, and packet transmission to apply nam:

nam wireless_routing.nam

1. Plot Metrics:
   • Visualize the performance indicators such as PDR vs. mobility or overhead vs. node density to utilize external tools such as Python, MATLAB, or Excel.

7. Extend or Modify Protocols

Example: Adding Energy Efficiency to AODV

1. Fine-tune AODV source files as aodv.h, aodv.cc with energy parameters for energy efficiency.

double energy = node->energy();

if (energy > threshold) {

// Prefer routes with higher energy

}

1. Recompile NS2:

make clean

make

File Locations for Protocols:

• AODV: ns-2.35/adhoc/aodv/
• DSR: ns-2.35/adhoc/dsr/
• DSDV: ns-2.35/adhoc/dsdv/

8. Advanced Features

1. Simulate Attacks:
   • We will replicate the attacks such as blackhole, wormhole, or Sybil attacks and measure the resilience of protocol.
2. Energy-Aware Routing:
   • Launch energy-aware routing parameters within DSR or AODV protocol for route selection.
3. QoS-Aware Protocols:
   • Give precedence to routes depends on the QoS metrics such as bandwidth or delay needs.
4. Hierarchical Protocols:
   • Replicate the hierarchical protocols as LEACH for WSNs.
5. IoT and VANET Scenarios:
   • We can experiment the routing protocols within IoT or vehicular networks scenarios.

9. Compare Wireless Routing Protocols

We have replicate and equate numerous wireless routing protocols in same scenarios:

• Metrics to Compare:
  • Packet delivery ratio
  • End-to-end delay
  • Routing overhead
  • Scalability
  • Energy efficiency

10. Document Your Project

It has detailed records or documentation for research purpose:

1. Objectives and scope.
2. Network topology and protocol sets up.
3. Performance parameters and their outcomes.
4. Insights and references for advanced enhancements.

Example Project Ideas

1. Performance Comparison of AODV and DSR:
   • We will equate the performance of AODV and DSR routing protocols in diverse mobility and traffic models.
2. Energy-Efficient Wireless Routing:
   • Improve the wireless routing protocols AODV or DSR including energy-aware parameters.
3. Wireless Routing in IoT:
   • In constrained IoT networks, we can experiment the wireless routing protocols.
4. Secure Routing Protocols:
   • Execute the security routing protocols to defend the routing updates.
5. Hybrid Protocols for MANETs:
   • Integrate the hybrid proactive and reactive mechanisms to enhance the performance for MANETs.

We have completed simulations process for Wireless Routing Protocol Projects using structured stepwise approach using NS2 simulation environment. We plan to share additional innovative insights and ideas about this project in the future.